Rheumatology Advance Access originally published online on July 31, 2007
Rheumatology 2007 46(10):1625; doi:10.1093/rheumatology/kem174
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Comment on: parotid gland biopsy compared with labial biopsy in the diagnosis of patients with primary Sjogren's Syndrome
Department of Rheumatology, University of Pavia, IRCCS San Matteo Foundation, Pavia Italy and 1Department of Pathology, University of Pavia, IRCCS San Matteo Foundation, Pavia Italy.
Correspondence to: Roberto Caporali, MD, Department of Rheumatology, University of Pavia, IRCCS San Matteo Foundation, Piazzale Golgi 2, 27100 Pavia, Italy. E-mail: caporali{at}smatteo.pv.it
SIR, We read with interest the report of Pijpe et al. [1] comparing parotid gland with labial biopsy in 35 patients with Sjogren's Syndrome (SS).
We agree with the authors about the difficulties arising from the use of labial gland biopsy in the diagnosis of SS, particularly related to the histological evaluation of focus score (FS), requiring skilled pathologists. Although Greenspan and Daniels standardized the methodology in assessing FS [2] and many authors evidenced its importance in the diagnostic evaluation [3, 4], its reproducibility at different section levels within the same sample seems to be low, probably because of the unhomogeneous distribution of the inflammatory infiltrates in the gland and of the sample's size [5].
To overcome this problem, in a recently published study [6], we proposed the application of a multi-level analysis of labial gland specimens to maximize the number of foci, the glandular area and the technical quality of the material. We studied 120 labial gland biopsies from patients with suspected SS; less-than-optimal area (<4 mm2) specimens were not excluded provided that at least one normotrophic glandular lobule was present. After evaluation of the FS according to Greenspan and Daniels, the slides were recut at 200 µm intervals from each. A cumulative focus score (cFS) on three slides for each sample was analysed. Patients were evaluated by clinicians blind to the re-evaluation and classified has having or not SS according to the American–European consensus group (AECG) criteria set [3]. The cFS was then substituted to the baseline FS in the criteria set. Statistical analysis using receiver operating characteristic curve evidenced that the diagnostic performance of the AECG criteria significantly improved, when cFS was entered in the criteria set: the specificity was increased by 9.8% without affecting sensitivity. The improvement was mostly due to the increased specificity in biopsies with FS between 1 and 2, historically the most critical cut-off. Moreover, this method allowed the evaluation of smaller samples of labial glands. In our opinion, it should be of great interest to compare multi-level analysis of labial biopsies with parotid biopsy.
The second point we would like to address is related to the morbidity of labial biopsies. We read the comment by Friedman and colleagues [7] and we found many analogies with our personal experience. From August 1998, we performed 502 consecutive minor salivary gland biopsies (MSGB) as part of an evaluation for suspected SS or other oral infiltrative diseases (such as amyloidosis). All patients gave their informed consent for surgical procedures according to the local Ethical Committee recommendations. All MSGBs have been performed by two rheumatologists of our Operative Unit adopting a simple technique similar to that described by Friedman [8]. In our experience, a small incision (2–3 mm) was sufficient for collecting glands. Adverse events were recorded by an independent clinician immediately and 7 days, 14 days and 6 months after the procedure with the aid of a questionary. The procedure was well tolerated in all cases: no major adverse events were observed, 12.7% of patients complaint transient adverse events lasting less than 14 days. Only one patient (0.2%) still complains local paresthesia after 2 years. Owing to the fact that such scarcely-invasive technique might provide insufficient material for the histological evaluation for SS, we extensively adopted the multi-level examination. We observed that, due to the application of the cFS, only 1% of samples did not provide adequate material and the percentage of false-positive biopsies was lower (1.6%) than reported by Pijpe and colleagues [1].
In our opinion, these data confirm the need for further large comparative studies, in order to find out the best diagnostic tools for histopathological evaluation of SS, taking in mind that while parotid gland biopsy requires specific surgical experience, MSGB may be performed directly by rheumatologists [1].
The authors have declared no conflicts of interest.
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- Pijpe J, Kalk WWI, van der Wal JE, et al. Parotid gland biopsy compared with labial biopsy in the diagnosis of patients with primary Sjogren's Syndrome. Rheumatology (2007) 46:335–41.
[Abstract/Free Full Text] - Greenspan JS, Daniels TE, Talal N, et al. The histopathology of Sjögren's syndrome in labial salivary gland biopsies. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol (1974) 37:217–29.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]
- Vitali C, Bombardieri S, Jonsson R, et al. European Study Group on Classification Criteria for Sjögren's Syndrome. Classification criteria for Sjögren's syndrome: a revised version of the European criteria proposed by the American-European Consensus Group. Ann Rheum Dis (2002) 61:554–8.
[Abstract/Free Full Text] - Fox RI, Ichiro S. Criteria for diagnosis of Sjögren's syndrome. Rheum Dis Clin North Am (1994) 20:391–407.[Web of Science][Medline]
- Al-Hashimi I, Wright JM, Cooley CA, et al. Reproducibility of biopsy grade in Sjögren's syndrome. J Oral Pathol Med (2001) 30:408–12.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]
- Morbini P, Manzo A, Caporali R, et al. Multilevel examination of minor salivary gland biopsy for Sjögren's syndrome significantly improves diagnostic performance of AECG classification citeria. Arthritis Res Ther (2005) 7:R343–8.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]
- Friedman JA, Miller EB. Comment on: parotid gland biopsy compared with labial biopsy in the diagnosis of patients with primary Sjogren's Syndrome. Rheumatology (2007) 46:370–1.
[Free Full Text] - Friedman JA, Miller EB, Huszar M. A simple technique for minor salivary gland biopsy appropriate for use by rheumatologists in an outpatient setting. Clin Rheumatol (2002) 21:349–50.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]
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