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Rheumatology Advance Access originally published online on July 16, 2003
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Rheumatology 2004; 43: 7-12
© British Society for Rheumatology 2003; all rights reserved

Review

Prevention of cardiovascular disease in systemic lupus erythematosus—proposed guidelines for risk factor management

J. Wajed, Y. Ahmad, P. N. Durrington1 and I. N. Bruce

The University of Manchester, Rheumatism Research Centre and 1Department of Medicine, Manchester Royal Infirmary, Central Manchester and Manchester Children's University Hospitals NHS Trust, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9WL, UK.

Correspondence to: I. N. Bruce, University of Manchester, Rheumatism Research Centre, Central Manchester and Manchester Children's University Hospitals NHS Trust, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9WL, UK. E-mail: Ian@fs1.ser.man.ac.uk

The first 150 words of the full text of this article appear below.


   Introduction
 
In the past 2–3 decades it has become increasingly recognized that accelerated atherosclerosis and its sequelae are a major cause of morbidity and mortality in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) [1]. The consequences of this include an increased risk of cerebrovascular and coronary heart disease (CHD). To date there has been no formal attempt to devise and adapt population guidelines for prevention of CHD in the context of SLE, although several ‘targets values’ have been suggested [2, 3]. Given the risk associated with SLE, it would seem important to identify potentially modifiable risk factors and introduce evidence-based guidelines that would aid clinicians in planning strategies that may help to reduce long-term cardiovascular morbidity in SLE. The aim of this review is to develop a firm rationale for risk factor management for patients with SLE, based on the approach we have initiated at the Manchester Royal Infirmary . . . [Full Text of this Article]


   Evidence for an increased risk of CHD in SLE
 

   Individual risk factors
 
Use of risk prediction formulae
Cholesterol
Hypertension
ACE inhibitors
Diabetes mellitus
Smoking
Obesity
Aspirin

   Summary
 

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