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Rheumatology Advance Access published online on November 8, 2005
Rheumatology, doi:10.1093/rheumatology/kei171
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© The Author 2005. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the British Society for Rheumatology. All rights reserved. For Permissions, please email: journals.permissions@oxfordjournals.org
Received May 20, 2005
Accepted September 23, 2005

Review Article

Chondroprotective drugs in degenerative joint diseases

G. Verbruggen 1*

1 Department of Rheumatology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium

* To whom correspondence should be addressed.
G. Verbruggen, E-mail: gust.verbruggen{at}ugent.be


  Abstract

Catabolic cytokine and anabolic growth factor pathways control destruction and repair in osteoarthritis (OA). A unidirectional TNF-{alpha}/IL-1-driven cytokine cascade disturbs the homeostasis of the extracellular matrix of articular cartilage in OA. Although chondrocytes in OA cartilage overexpress anabolic insulin-like growth factor (IGF) and its specific receptor (IGFRI) autocrine TNF-{alpha} released by apoptotic articular cartilage cells sets off an auto/paracrine IL-1-driven cascade that overrules the growth factor activities that sustain repair in degenerative joint disease. Chondroprotection with reappearance of a joint space that had disappeared has been documented unmistakably in peripheral joints of patients suffering from spondyloarthropathy when treated with TNF-{alpha}-blocking agents that repressed the unidirectional TNF-{alpha}/IL-1-driven cytokine cascade. A series of connective tissue structure-modifying agents (CTSMAs) that directly affect IL-1 synthesis and release in vitro and down-modulate downstream IL-1 features, e.g. collagenase, proteoglycanase and matrix metalloproteinase activities, the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase, the increased release of nitric oxide, and the secretion of prostaglandin E2, IL-6 and IL-8, have been shown to possess disease-modifying OA drug (DMOAD) activities in experimental models of OA and in human subjects with finger joint and knee OA. Examples are corticosteroids, some sulphated polysaccharides, chemically modified tetracyclines, diacetylrhein/rhein, glucosamine and avocado/soybean unsaponifiables.

Keywords: Osteoarthritis; TNF-{alpha}, IL-1; Chondroprotection; DMOADs.
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