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Rheumatology Advance Access published online on May 23, 2006
Rheumatology, doi:10.1093/rheumatology/kel040
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© The Author 2006. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the British Society for Rheumatology. All rights reserved. For Permissions, please email: journals.permissions@oxfordjournals.org The online version of this article has been published under an open access model. Users are entitled to use, reproduce, disseminate, or display the open access version of this article for non-commercial purposes provided that: the original authorship is properly and fully attributed; the Journal and Oxford University Press are attributed as the original place of publication with the correct citation details given; if an article is subsequently reproduced or disseminated not in its entirety but only in part or as a derivative work this must be clearly indicated. For commercial re-use, please contact journals.permissions@oxfordjournals.org
Received September 1, 2005
Accepted January 13, 2006

Original Papers

Cross-cultural adaptation, reliability and validity of the German Shoulder Pain and Disability Index (SPADI)

F. Angst 1 *, J. Goldhahn 2, G. Pap 1, A. F. Mannion 2, K. E. Roach 3, D. Siebertz 1, S. Drerup 2, H. K. Schwyzer 1, and B. R. Simmen 1

1 Department of Upper Extremity and Hand Surgery, Schulthess Klinik, Zurich, Switzerland
2 Department of Musculoskeletal Research, Schulthess Klinik, Zurich, Switzerland and Department of Rheumatology/Institute of Physical Medicine, University Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland
3 Department of Physical Therapy, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Florida, USA

* To whom correspondence should be addressed.
F. Angst, E-mail: fangst{at}datacomm.ch


  Abstract

Objective. To cross-culturally adapt the Shoulder Pain and Disability Index (SPADI) from English into German, and to test the reliability and validity of the German version.

Methods. Cross-cultural adaptation of the SPADI was performed according to international guidelines. One hundred and eighteen patients who had undergone shoulder arthroplasty, on average 4 yr previously, completed a questionnaire booklet containing the German SPADI, the Short Form 36 (SF-36), the Disability of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand (DASH) questionnaire, and the American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons (ASES) questionnaire for the shoulder to assess SPADI's construct validity. One week later, they completed the SPADI again to assess test-retest reliability.

Results. The six-step cross-cultural adaptation procedure revealed no major problems with the content or language. The intraclass correlation coefficients for the individual items of the SPADI were between 0.68 and 0.89, and that for the SPADI total score was 0.94. The SPADI total score showed a correlation of 0.61-0.69 with the SF-36 physical scales, of 0.88 with the DASH and of 0.92 with the ASES.

Conclusions. The German SPADI is a practicable, reliable and valid instrument, and can be recommended for the self-assessment of shoulder pain and function.

Keywords: Shoulder; Questionnaire; Reliability; Validity; SPADI..
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