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Rheumatology Advance Access published online on April 27, 2009
Rheumatology, doi:10.1093/rheumatology/kep081
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© The Author 2009. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the British Society for Rheumatology. All rights reserved. For Permissions, please email: journals.permissions@oxfordjournals.org

Review

An update on the epidemiology of calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate crystal deposition disease

Pascal Richette1, Thomas Bardin1 and Michael Doherty2

1Fédération de Rhumatologie, Hôpital Lariboisière, Université Paris 7, UFR Médicale, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France and 2Academic Rheumatology, University of Nottingham, City Hospital, Nottingham, UK

Correspondence to: Pascal Richette, Fédération de Rhumatologie, Hôpital Lariboisière, 2 Rue Ambroise Paré, 75475 Paris cedex 10, France. E-mail: pascal.richette{at}lrb.aphp.fr


  Abstract

The aim of this review is to summarize recent research relating to the epidemiology of chondrocalcinosis (CC), including prevalence of CC, the association between CC and OA, familial forms of CC and diseases associated with CC. We searched MEDLINE for articles published in English from 1998 to 2008 using MEsH terms covering all aspects of the epidemiology of CC. Aging is the main risk factor for the occurrence of sporadic CC. Prevalence of CC varies from 7 to 10% in people aged ~60 years and shows equal sex distribution. There is a positive association between CC and OA, but CC does not appear to be a risk factor for subsequent structural progression in terms of cartilage loss. Mutations in the ankylosis human (ANKH) gene have been identified as a cause of familial CC in some kindreds. There is good evidence that hereditary haemochromatosis, hyperparathyroidism and hypomagnesaemia are metabolic disorders that predispose to secondary CC. In conclusion, sporadic CC is a common condition in the elderly and frequently associates with OA. Primary metabolic disorders or familial predisposition are uncommon but should be considered if CC occurs before 55 years of age or if there is florid polyarticular CC. After the age of 55 years, hyperparathyroidism should be considered in all patients.

KEY WORDS: Epidemiology, Chondrocalcinosis, Calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate, Osteoarthritis, Ankylosis, Hemochromatosis, Hypomagnesemia, Hyperparathyroidism

Submitted 28 January 2009; Accepted 16 March 2009


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